Indicator 9.1.a Private and public expenditure on research and development

9.1.a Private and public expenditure on research and development

Research and Development (R&D) comprises scientific activities defined as creative and systematic work undertaken to increase the stock of knowledge – including knowledge of humanity, culture, and society – and to devise new applications based on existing knowledge. A significant element of novelty or further development serves as the central criterion distinguishing R&D from related activities.

The share of R&D expenditure in gross domestic product (GDP) is determined annually by the Federal Statistical Office. Total R&D expenditure includes spending by the government sector (including non-profit private research institutions), higher education institutions, and the business enterprise sector. The surveys and calculations follow the methodological guidelines of the Frascati Manual issued by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), thereby ensuring international comparability.

In 2023, total R&D expenditure in Germany amounted to 129.7 billion euros according to preliminary figures. This corresponded to 3.1% of GDP, falling 0.4 percentage points short of the politically defined target of at least 3.5% of GDP per year.

Since 2000, the R&D-to-GDP ratio in Germany has increased by 0.7 percentage points. In total, R&D expenditure has doubled over this period. In the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic (2020), R&D expenditure declined by 3.4 billion euros compared to 2019. This decrease was exclusively attributable to the business enterprise sector, whereas the other two sectors recorded increases.

In 2023, the largest share of R&D expenditure in Germany – 68.4% – was attributed to the business sector, followed by 17.3% in the higher education sector and 14.3% in government and non-profit private research institutions. A total of 818,054 individuals (measured in full-time equivalents) were employed in R&D, with only the proportion of their working time dedicated to R&D activities being included. Of this workforce, 65.2% were employed in the business sector, 19.8% in higher education institutions, and 15.0% in government and non-profit private research institutions.

In a European comparison, Germany’s R&D-to-GDP ratio of 3.1% in 2023 exceeded the EU-27 average of 2.2%. Higher ratios were recorded in Sweden (3.6%), Belgium (3.3%), and Austria (3.3%). At the national level, Baden-Württemberg reported the highest R&D intensity at 5.5% of GDP (as of 2022), followed by Bayern at 3.4% and Berlin and Bremen, each at 3.1%.