Indicator 11.2.c Accessibility of mediumsized and large cities by public transport

Text from the Indicator Report 2022 

The indicator is computed by the Federal Institute for Research on Building, Urban Affairs and Spatial Development. Public means of transport are defined as transport services that anyone can use on payment of the relevant fees. Flexible forms of operation, such as on-call buses that operate on demand without fixed stopping points and timetables, are not taken into account.

Comparing the indicator values for 2012 and 2020 shows that the population-weighted average travel time to the nearest medium-sized or major city fell from 23.5 to 20.6 minutes during that period. This equates to a reduction of 12.3 %.

However, the number of medium-sized and major cities grew from 1,010 in 2012 to 1,112 in 2020. Much of this growth can be traced to the designation of additional urban centres as medium-sized cities in Bayern. It is beyond the purview of this report to assess whether that change of status reflects an actual improvement in the provision available in those cities. Nonetheless, the increase in medium-sized and major cities notably helped reduce the average travel time required to reach one. If the average travel time for each reporting year is calculated on the basis of only those intermediate and major cities which existed in 2012, it is found to have decreased from 23.5 minutes in 2012 to 21.3 minutes in 2020. This equates to a reduction in travel time of only 9.4 % in relation to 2012.

The data for these calculations were taken from the timetables of Deutsche Bahn, various networks and numerous other transport providers. With the help of the timetable data, the travel times to the nearest intermediate or major city during peak morning traffic times were determined for about 260,000 stops. This period is defined differently across the reporting years. Whereas connections with arrival times between 6 a.m. and 9 a.m. were taken into account in 2012, the figures for 2016 and 2018 refer to connections with arrival times between 8 a.m. and 12 noon. For 2020, the arrival time was expanded to a period from 6 a.m. to 12 noon.

Not least because not all local transport schedules had been fully incorporated into the database used, the values for the different reporting years cannot be compared without caveats. Moreover, the indicator provides information about the scheduled travel time to the next centre and does not account for delays or cancellations in its calculations. Therefore, the frequency of transport services to the nearest intermediate or major city is ignored, as is travel time to and from the stopping point. Furthermore, this indicator is based on timetable data – which means that delays or even cancellations are not taken into account.

The classification of an urban centre as a medium-size or large city is determined according to the availability of goods, services and infrastructure that are not available in the surrounding regional towns. These include, among other things, specialist medical practices, hospitals, cultural facilities as well as secondary schools and institutions of higher education. In each intermediate or large city, especially in large cities, only one location in the city centre was designated as the destination. The destination stops were selected within a radius of one kilometre around that destination point, and the quickest connection from each departure stop to that point was sought. A population-weighted average value of the travel time for Germany was then determined with the help of small-scale population data from the Federal Statistical Office.